HUMAN HEART WHICH IS ARTIFICIAL

Hi I read about a interesting article that Human being lives without heart. Don't get shocked he can live with a man made Artificial Heart. Read this you can learn more.

What is an artificial heart?
An artificial heart is an extra ventricle (pumping chamber) capable of pumping blood around the body of a person whose own heart is failing. The pump itself is made of a combination of metal and plastic and consists of a small pumping chamber lined by a special material that prevents blood clots from forming. The pumping chamber may be implanted within the body itself or may lie outside the body depending on the type of artificial heart being used. An artificial heart may be connected to a person in various ways to support the

left heart, the right heart or both sides of the heart ; it may be

• attached to the left atrium/ventricle and the aorta (called a “left ventricular assist device” or LVAD), or

• attached to the right atrium and pulmonary artery (called a “right ventricular assist device” or RVAD), or

• attached in both ways described above (called a “biventricular assist device” or BiVAD).

The device may bypass the weakened ventricle(s) either partially or totally.

Another type is the” total artificial heart” (TAH) which is a mechanical substitute for the entire heart. It is implanted after the person’s heart has been removed. This type is rarely used at present.

How does an artificial heart work?

Blood enters the artificial heart from the left or right atrium and is then pumped into the aorta or pulmonary artery, depending on which side of the heart is being supported.

The device is powered by either compressed air or electricity. A thin cable connects the pumping chamber to a control console from which the pump function is regulated. The control console may be a large box on wheels that stays beside the person and can move with the person when he or she walks around in the hospital. More recently, a much smaller controller with attachable batteries has been designed which can be worn by the person on a belt or vest. This allows the
person much greater freedom and mobility compared with the large console.

Who needs an artificial heart?

A person may require an artificial heart when his or her own heart fails and is unable to pump blood to meet the body’s needs. These people may have symptoms such as persistent tiredness, lethargy, shortness of breath on exertion or at rest, poor appetite, and swelling of their ankles. Function of other body organs such as the lungs, liver and kidneys may also be impaired as a
result of heart failure.

Reasons why the heart fails include:
• disease of the heart muscle itself (cardiomyopathy)
• disease of the arteries of the heart (coronary heart disease) and its
complications (e.g. a heart attack)
• severe viral infections of the heart (myocarditis)
• other less common diseases.

People with a failing heart are first treated with drugs that take the load off the heart and help it function better. Sometimes the heart failure is so severe that the drugs are ineffective. The other treatment option for these severely ill people is heart transplantation. Heart transplants are performed using hearts donated from people who suffer brain death; for example, as a result of a motor vehicle accident or a brain haemorrhage. These people’s hearts are working well despite brain death. Unfortunately there are not enough heart donors in this country to help all those people who need a heart transplant. Therefore, some of these people will die from their heart failure before a transplant can be performed. Artificial hearts may be used in these very ill people as a temporary measure until a donor heart becomes available, or to allow a person’s damaged heart to rest or recover following damage. Occasionally, artificial hearts are implanted as a last resort in people who are unsuitable for heart transplantation. Between twenty and thirty people receive artificial hearts in Australia each year. Most of these artificial hearts have been implanted as a bridge to heart transplantation. However, recently a small number have been implanted on a permanent basis as an alternative to heart transplantation.

Internet Architecture

In this article i written about the internet architecture.

The Internet architecture, which is also sometimes called the TCP/IP architecture after

its two main protocols. The Internet architecture evolved out of experiences with an earlier packet-switched network called the ARPANET. Both the Internet and the ARPANET were funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), one of the R&D funding agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense. The Internet and ARPANET were around before the OSI architecture, and the experience gained from building them was a major influence on the OSI reference model. While the seven-layer OSI model can, with some imagination, be applied to the Internet, a four-layer model is often used instead. At the lowest level are a wide variety of network protocols, denoted NET1, NET2, and so on. In practice, these protocols are implemented by a combination of hardware (e.g., a network adaptor) and software (e.g., a network device driver). For example, you might find Ethernet or Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) protocols at this layer. (These protocols in turn may actually involve several sublayers, but the Internet architecture does not presume anything about them.) The second layer consists of a single protocol—the Internet Protocol (IP). This is the protocol that supports the interconnection of multiple networking technologies into a single, logical internetwork. The third layer contains two main protocols—the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). TCP and UDP provide alternative logical channels to application programs: TCP provides a reliable byte-stream channel, and UDP provides an unreliable datagram delivery channel (datagram may be thought of as a synonym for message). In the language of the Internet, TCP and UDP are sometimes called end-to-end protocols, although it is equally correct to refer to them as transport protocols.
Running above the transport layer are a range of application protocols, such as FTP, TFTP (Trivial File Transport Protocol), Telnet (remote login), and SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, or electronic mail), that enable the interoperation of popular applications. To understand the difference between an application layer protocol and an application, think of all the different World Wide Web browsers that are available (e.g., Mosaic, Netscape, Internet Explorer, Lynx, etc.). There are a similarly large number of different implementations of Web servers. The reason that you can use any one of these application programs to access a particular site on the Web is because they all conform to the same application layer protocol: HTTP (HyperText Transport Protocol). Confusingly, the same word sometimes applies to both an application and the application layer protocol that it uses (e.g., FTP). The Internet architecture has three features that are worth highlighting.

First, as the Internet architecture does not imply strict layering. The application is free to bypass the defined transport layers and to directly use IP or one of the underlying networks. In fact, programmers are free to define new channel abstractions or applications that run on top of any of the existing protocols.

Second, if you look closely at the protocol graph you will notice an hourglass shape—wide at the top, narrow in the middle, and wide at the bottom. This shape actually reflects the central philosophy of the architecture. That is, IP serves as the focal point for the architecture—it defines a common method for exchanging packets among a wide collection of networks. Above IP can be arbitrarily many transport protocols, each offering a different channel abstraction to application programs.

Thus, the issue of delivering messages from host to host is completely separated from the issue of providing a useful process-to-process communication service. Below IP, the architecture allows for arbitrarily many different network technologies, ranging from Ethernet to FDDI to ATM to single point-to-point links.

A final attribute of the Internet architecture (or more accurately, of the IETF culture) is that in order for someone to propose a new protocol to be included in the architecture, they must produce both a protocol specification and at least one (and preferably two) representative implementations of the specification. The existence of working implementations is required for standards to be adopted by the IETF. This cultural assumption of the design community helps to ensure that the architecture’s protocols can be efficiently implemented.

NEURAL NETWORKS

Hi this a article about the neural network and their importance.

A neural network is composed of a number of nodes, or units, connected by links. Each link has a numeric weight associated with it. Weights are the primary means of long-term storage in neural networks, and learning usually takes place by updating the weights. Some of the units are connected to the external environment, and can be designated as input or output units. The weights are modified so as to try to bring the network's input/output behavior more into line with that of the environment providing the inputs.

Each unit has a set of input links from other units, a set of output links to other units, a current activation level, and a means of computing the activation level at the next step in time, given its inputs and weights. The idea is that each unit does a local computation based on inputs from its neighbors, but without the need for any global control over the set of units as a whole. In practice, most neural network implementations are in software and use synchronous control to update all the units in a fixed sequence.

To build a neural network to perform some task, one must first decide how many units are to be used, what kind of units are appropriate, and how the units are to be connected to form a network. One then initializes the weights of the network, and trains the weights using a learning algorithm applied to a set of training examples for the task.3 The use of examples also implies that one must decide how to encode the examples in terms of inputs and outputs of the network.

Notation

Neural networks have lots of pieces, and to refer to them we will need to introduce a variety of mathematical notations. For convenience, see the diagram.

Simple computing elements Figure 19.4 shows a typical unit. Each unit performs a simple computation: it receives signals from its input links and computes a new activation level that it sends along each of its output links. The computation of the activation level is based on the values of each input signal received from a neighboring node, and the weights on each input link. The computation is split into two components. First is a linear component, called the input function, int, that computes the weighted sum of the unit's input values. Second is a nonlinear component called the activation function, g, that transforms the weighted sum into the final value that serves as the unit's activation value, a,. Usually, all units in a network use the same activation function

The total weighted input is the sum of the input activations times their respective weights:

See the formula you can understand the computing.

Registry Editor Disabled By Administrator

The below Steps Are Useful To Recover Registry Editor..

It is a big hell when one encounters "Registry editing has been disabled by your administrator"


Infact I was also one of the you who encountered this same problem.

So here is the solution for the problem.

Method 1:

1.Go to Run(CTRL + R) and type " gpedit.msc " as shown in the figure.


2. Now you have to go to this path


Now

Double-click Prevent access to registry editing tools and Set it as Not Configured.

Important: If it's already set to Not Configured, set it to Enabled and click Apply. Then repeat the steps and revert the setting back to Not Configured. This removes the registry based policy if set already.

Method 2:

This is a very simple trick.

1.Go to Run(CTRL + R) and type

"REG add HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System /v DisableRegistryTools /t REG_DWORD /d 0 /f".

This will eventually enables the Registry editor.Try this.

How to password protect MS word file?

How to password protect MS word file?

Goto tools in MSword>option>security.

Then type desired password

USB Network Hub

What is a USB network hub? How does it operate? Where is it used? Read on to find the answers.
Before turning to the definition of a USB network hub, let us find out what a network hub is. A network hub is a device that enables more than one computer to connect to a network. It acts as a point of convergence allowing the transfer of data packets through the network. Generally, the function of a network hub is to duplicate data packets, which it receives from one port and making them available on other ports. A packet arriving at one port is made available on all the other ports so that it becomes available to all the devices connected to the network. It thus facilitates the sharing of data between the devices that form a network. What is a USB network hub? Let us see.

USB Network Hub

A USB hub allows USB devices to connect to a single USB port on a host computer or another hub. How do USB hubs look? In some hubs, the USB ports are located close to each other. In this case, it becomes difficult to plug in devices on adjacent ports on the hub. In star-shaped USB hubs, this difficulty does not arise, as the ports located on different arms of the star point in different directions. With more number of USB hubs connected to each other, the size of the network increases. USB cable length is about 5 meters. It can be extended by using USB repeaters. Many USB hubs support a hub system of four ports while some come with seven port hub controllers.

How do USB network hubs draw power? USB network hubs come in two varieties. They are either self-powered of powered by means of a bus. A self-powered hub draws power from an external power supply, thus being able to provide greater power to each of the ports. On the other hand, a bus-powered hub draws power from the USB interface of the host computer. A drawback of bus-powered USB hubs is that they provide the devices with less amount of power than that the devices actually need. A bus-powered USB network hub allocates a current of about 100-500 mA per port. If a network device requires more current than that provided by the hub, the operating system of the host computer indicates this condition to the user, on which the device may have to be provided with current from an external power supply.

How does a network host detect the attachment of a network device? Obviously, it does so with the help of the network hub. The hub detects the device being attached and reports it to the host machine. The host signals the hub to reset the port on which the device has been attached. And then begins the interaction between the host computer and the newly added network device.

The upstream and downstream ports of a USB network hub enable it to facilitate data transfer between network devices and the host computer. The hub is connected to the host by means of an upstream port while network devices are connected to the downstream ports of the hub. The data received from a downstream port is forwarded to the upstream

port, thus allowing the data from a network device to be received only by the host machine. On the other hand, the data received from the upstream port of the USB hub is forwarded to all of its downstream ports, whereby it can be transmitted to all the network devices.

How does a USB hub handle network traffic? Does it tackle with high and low speed traffic in the same way? For network devices to operate on high speeds, all the hubs between the device and the host computer need to be capable of supporting high-speed traffic. Through a process known as transaction translation, low-speed traffic is separated from high-speed traffic on the network.

Look at the transparency in this entire process of communication! The USB hub is so loyal with the devices attached to it. It does not misuse the information obtained from any of the network devices by relaying it to other devices on the network. Moreover, it is truthful and impartial in broadcasting the data it receives from the host, to all the devices on the network. Also, it is intelligent enough to deal with different types of communication in different ways. If only human beings could act like that!

Artificial Neural Network

Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

Artificial neural networks are a method of information processing and computation that takes benefit of today's technology. Mimicking the processes present in biological neurons, artificial neural networks are used to predict and learn from a given set of data information. At data analysis neural networks are more robust than statistical methods because of their capability to handle small variations of parameters and noise.

An Artificial Neural Network is data information processing paradigm that is inspired by the way biological nervous systems such as the brain process information. The important element of this paradigm is the novel structure of the information processing system. It is created of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements known as neurons working in unison to solve specific problems. ANN is similar to people which learn by example. An ANN is defined for a specific application such as pattern recognition or data classification through a learning process. Learning in biological systems includes adjustments to the synaptic connections that exist between the neurons.

Why to use neural networks?
Either humans or other computer techniques use it to determine patterns and detect trends that are too complex to be noticed. In the category of information has been given to process, a trained neural network can be considered as an "expert".

It has following advantages:
a) Adaptive learning:
Capability to learn tasks based on the given data for training or initial experience.
b) Self-Organisation:
It can create its own organisation or representation of the information it receives during learning time.
c) Real Time Operation:
Its computations may be carried out in parallel and special hardware devices are being designed and manufactured which take advantage of this capability.
d) Fault Tolerance via Redundant Information Coding:
Partly destruction of a network leads to the corresponding degradation of performance. However some network capabilities may be retained even with major network damage.

Neural networks versus conventional computers
Neural networks have a different approach to problem solving than that of conventional computers. Conventional computers use an algorithmic approach in order to solve a problem. The problem cannot solve the problem until the specific steps that computer needs to follow are known. That limits the problem solving capability of conventional computers to problems that we already understand and know how to solve.

Neural networks and human brains process information in a similar way. The network is created from large number of highly interconnected processing elements working in parallel to solve a specific problem. Neural networks learn from example. They can’t be programmed to do a specific task.

Neural networks and conventional algorithmic computers are complements to each other. Neural networks tasks are more suited to an algorithmic approach like arithmetic operations. Large number of systems uses combination of the two approaches in order to perform at maximum efficiency.

Different architecture of neural networks
1) Feed-forward networks :
Feed-forward ANNs permit signals to transfer one way from input to output. There is no response i.e. the output of any layer doesn’t affect that same layer. Feed-forward ANNs tend to be straightforward networks that correlate inputs with outputs. They are widely used in pattern recognition. This type of organisation is called as bottom-up or top-down.

2) Feedback networks :
By using loops in the network, Feedback networks transfer signals in both directions. Feedback networks are powerful and complex. Feedback networks state is changing dynamically until they reach an equilibrium point. Until the input changes, they remain at the equilibrium point. Feedback architectures are called as interactive or recurrent.

3) Network layers:
Artificial neural network includes three layers of units: a layer of "input" units is connected to a layer of "hidden" units, which is connected to a layer of "output" units.

Input units:
The action of the input units represents the raw information that is fed into the network.

Hidden units:
The action of each hidden unit is determined by the activities of the input units and the weights on the connections between the input and the hidden units.

Output units:
The behaviour of the output units depends on the action of the hidden units and the weights between the hidden and output units.

4) Perceptrons

The most influential work on neural network went under the heading of 'perceptrons' a term coined by Frank Rosenblatt. The perceptron comes out to be an MCP model with some additional, fixed, preprocessing. Association units and their task are to remove specific, localized featured from the input images. Perceptrons mimic the basic idea behind the human visual system. They were used for pattern recognition even though their abilities extended a lot more.

Learning Process
The patterns and the subsequent response of the network can be divided into two general paradigms:
1) Associative mapping
In associated mapping the network learns to create a particular pattern on the set of input units whenever another particular pattern is applied on the set of input units. The associative mapping can be divided into two mechanisms:

1a) Auto-association:
An input pattern is related with itself and the states of input and output units coincide. This provides pattern completion to create a pattern whenever a portion of it or a distorted pattern is presented. In the second case, the network actually saves pairs of patterns building relationship between two sets of patterns.

1b) Hetero-association:
It is associated with two recall mechanisms:

Nearest-neighbor recall:
Where the output pattern created corresponds to the input pattern saved, which is closest to the pattern presented.

Interpolative recall:
Where the output pattern is a similarity-based interpolation of the patterns saved corresponding to the pattern presented.

2) Regularity detection
This unit corresponds to particular properties of the input patterns. Whereas in associative mapping the network saves the associations among patterns in regularity detection the response of each unit has a particular 'meaning'. This type of learning mechanism is vital for feature discovery and knowledge representation.

Every neural network has knowledge, which is contained in the values of the connections weights. Modifying the knowledge saved in the network as a function of experience means a learning rule for changing the values of the weights. Information is saved in the weight matrix of a neural network. Learning is the purpose of the weights. Learning is performed as follow; we can divide 2 types of neural networks:

i) Fixed networks
In which the weights remain the same. In such networks, the weights are fixed a priori regarding to the problem to solve.
ii) Adaptive networks
In which the weights do not remain same. For this network all learning methods can be classified into two major types:
Supervised learning
This incorporates an external teacher so that each output unit is told what its desired response to input signals ought to be. Global information may be required during the learning process. Paradigms of supervised learning consist error-correction learning, reinforcement learning and stochastic learning.

Unsupervised learning
It uses no external teacher and is dependent upon only local information. It is also called as self-organisation because it self-organizes data presented to the network and detects their emergent collective properties.

Transfer Function
Artificial Neural Network based on both the weights and the input-output function, which is specified for the units. This function typically falls into one of three types:
a) linear (or ramp)
b) threshold
c) sigmoid
For linear units the output action is proportional to the total weighted output.
For threshold units the output is set at one of two levels, based on whether the total input is greater than or less than some threshold value.
For sigmoid units the output varies rapidly but not linearly as the input changes. Sigmoid units allow a greater resemblance to real neurons than do linear or threshold units, but all three must be considered rough approximations.

To make a neural network that performs some specific work, we must choose how the units are interconnected to one another and we must set the weights on the connections appropriately. The connections decide whether it is possible for one unit to influence another. The weights define the strength of the influence.

Applications of neural networks

1) Detection of medical phenomena:
A variety of health based indices e.g., a combination of heart rate, levels of various substances in the blood, respiration rate can be observed. The onset of a particular medical condition could be related with a very complex mixing of changes on a subset of the variables being observed. Neural networks have been used to identify this predictive pattern so that the appropriate treatment can be specified.

2) Stock market prediction:
Fluctuations of stock prices and stock indices are complex, multidimensional deterministic phenomenon. Neural networks are used by many technical analysts to make decisions about stock prices dependent upon a large number of factors such as past performance of other stocks.

3) Credit assignment
For a loan a number of pieces of data information are usually known about an applicant. For instance, the applicant's age, education, occupation and many other data information may be present. After training a neural network on historical data, neural network analysis can determine the most relevant characteristics and use those to classify applicants as good or bad credit risks.

Information About Web Hosting

Web Hosting

Web hosting is a service through which users can post web pages to the Internet. A web host and hosting service provider (HSP) is a business that provides the services and tools needed for web sites to be viewed on the Web.
Web hosting is a prime service that users can utilize after obtaining either dial-up or broadband access to the Internet. It provides users to broadcast their own information resources to any Internet user that is interested in accessing them. Web hosting makes use of the server/client model to distribute content. A Web hosting provider will provide its client right to access a Web server that will push client's content to recipients on request. Recipients use Web browsers like Microsoft Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator to request content from the Web over their own Internet connection.

On a special computer Web sites are stored or hosted called as server. The server or host computer permits Internet users connected anywhere to reach site when they put host’s domain address in web browser. The server or host computers are set up so that when someone types Web address in browser, the address will follow a route from computer to computer until it reaches host computer and web site. After that Internet user will be able to browse throughout the Web site. Hosting companies usually need their own domain name in order to host with them.
Web hosts provide the technical resources and equipment that are required to offer a consumer with their own customized Web site. Hosting companies charge a fee for the storing Web site service and allowing Web site visitor traffic flow through computers to get information on site.

Web hosting services are more advantageous because the physical location of the Web server does not reside at the consumer's premises. Many small businesses take advantage of Web hosts in order to free themselves from pre occupying their scarce human and financial resources on Web host issues. Companies and individuals who outsource their Web presence to achieve the following objectives: improve own company focus, reduce operating costs, gain access to in-depth expertise, free internal resources for core competencies and obtain access to world-class capabilities to control IT functions which are difficult to handle. In multiple formats Web hosting is offered to the consumer based upon its requirements. These requirements are depend upon cost and infrastructure provided.

Types of Web Hosting

Web hosting services present in all sizes and shapes. It is useful to break down all services into several "classes" in order to understand the most fundamental differences in pricing and functionality. Each "class" speaks the needs of a particular type of customer.

1) Shared Hosting :
This is the most basic and important of all services. The hosting service providers put several web sites on a single powerful machine.

2) Virtual Dedicated Hosting :
This is a fairly new web hosting service, which seems to be bridge between "shared" and "dedicated" hosting. Several web sites are physically placed on a server, but the number of such sites is small in number and each one is given a dedicated "copy" of the operating system along with portion of computer resources, a copy of web server software in addition to direct "root-level" access to the server itself.

3) Dedicated Hosting:
Dedicated Hosting means that the computer which is used to serve web site is used by users only. Dedicated hosting allocates a Web site to its own server. This is more flexible because it has full control over the back end of the server including choice of OS.

4) Colocated Hosting (Colocation) :
Colocation provides ultimate degree of flexibility. This hosting consist of buying and installing own server on the web hosting provider's premises.

5) Managed hosting :
It is accompanied by a full suite of technical support, maintenance and monitoring services. In managed hosting, customers are provided with their own servers but are still responsible for virtually all administrative and maintenance duties.

Web Hosting Server Technologies :
The different hosting technologies are as follows:

1) Windows Hosting:
Windows hosting means hosting of web services that use Windows operating system. User should choose Windows hosting if he want to use Active Server Pages as server scripting or if he want to use a database like Microsoft Access or Microsoft SQL Server. Windows hosting is also the best choice if user want to develop web site using Microsoft Front Page.

2) Unix Hosting:
UNIX hosting means hosting of web services that uses UNIX operating system.
UNIX was the first reliable and stable web server operating system.

3) Linux Hosting:
Linux hosting means hosting of web services that uses Linux operating system.

4) ASP - Active Server Pages
Microsoft developed Active Server Pages as a server-side scripting technology.
With ASP dynamic web pages can be created by embedding scripting code inside HTML pages. The code is run by the web server before the page is returned to the browser. Both Visual Basic and JavaScript can be used for ASP code.

5) JSP
JSP is a server-side technology developed by Sun. With JSP dynamic web pages can be created by embedding Java code inside HTML pages. The code is run by the web server before the page is returned to the browser. Since JSP uses Java, the technology is not limited to any server-specific platform.

6) FrontPage
Microsoft developed FrontPage as web site design tool. FrontPage provides users easy way to develop a web site without any deep knowledge of web development. Most Windows hosting solutions maintain FrontPage server for users that use FrontPage to develop their web site.

7) PHP
PHP is a server-side scripting language which allows creating dynamic web pages by embedding script code inside HTML pages. The code is run by the web server before the page is returned to the browser.

8) Cold Fusion
Macromedia developed Cold Fusion, which is another server-side scripting language used to develop dynamic web pages.

Some basic terms related to the Internet

Some basic terms related to the Internet

Router: A router connects two or more logical subnets and performs the functions of routing and forwarding information.

Intranet: It is a relatively smaller private network that uses the Internet protocols and connectivity. It is an extension of the Internet and is privately used by organizations.

Extranet: It is a private network that uses Internet technology to share a part of the business information and operations with suppliers and customers. It can be a part of a company’s intranet that provides access to the users outside the company.

Virtual Private Network: It is a private network that allows the exchange of information between computers over a shared or a public network.

Wireless Networking: It refers to computer networking that is carried out over the wireless media.

Broadband Internet: Broadband connectivity to the Internet provides the users with a high-speed Internet access.

Dial-up Internet: In this type of access to the Internet, the user’s computer is attached to a modem connected to a telephone line. Dial-up Internet access involves a modem that dials into an Internet service provider to establish a connection.

Satellite Internet: Internet services that make use of the satellite communication media are termed as satellite Internet services. They are used in locations that are mobile thus making terrestrial Internet connectivity, an impossibility.

Some Funny and Interesting Internet Terms

Some Funny and Interesting Internet Terms

Googling: The Google search engine, being the most popularly used one, has made the word, ‘google’ synonymous to the concept of search engines. Searching the Internet by using the Google search engine is known as googling.

Copypasta: If a text is copy pasted from somewhere and posted in a forum, it is termed as a copypasta. The source is often unknown in such cases. Are you into copypastas?

Egosurfer: The web users who search over the Internet for themselves fall under the class of egosurfers. I am sure most of you play an egosurfer once in a while.

Netiquette: This term is short for net etiquette and refers to the principles of courtesy and consideration for the people using the Internet. It refers to certain basic principles to adhere to while using the Internet. The general ethical principles to be followed in relation to using mailing systems of the Internet are termed as email etiquettes.

Trasher: The users who search over the Internet using all possible means, sometimes even risking the Internet security are known as trashers.

Troll: Trolls are the users who try to become infamous on chat by introducing disturbing links, mimicking other users’ posts and profiles and fighting with others.

Youtuber: A person who is addicted to watching videos on the Internet is referred to as a youtuber.

Full Information About Torrent

This summary is not available. Please click here to view the post.

Different types of MODEMS

Cable modems and ADSL modems are examples of faster modems in use today. Cable modems use the cable TV infrastructure to provide users with an access to digital signals. It harnesses the high bandwidth of cable television networks. Read about finding the best cable modem.

ADSL modems connect computers or routers to a DSL phone line. Some DSL modems allow the sharing of ADSL service between a group of computers. For a comparative study of DSL and cable modems, read about choosing the best Internet service.

Satellite modems use communication satellites as relays to bring about data transfers. These modems convert bit streams into radio signals. They provide Internet users with a satellite Internet access.

Wireless modems have revolutionized Internet access as they can offer Internet connectivity with the use of the very ubiquitous mobile phones. Mobile phones serve as gateways between the service provider and computers. Find information about the wireless Internet access.

Free Call World Wide

:: Free calling Worldwide-

Go to:

www.tabrio.com

Here register ur email id & Enjoy 30min free calls.

100% Working ,, Tested By Me .

~~Cheers~~

How To Clean RAM

:: To clean ur RAM

very easily

open

>NOTEPAD

>type

FREEMEM=SPACE(64000000)

>save it with name-

ram.vbs

>now run d script

>ur pc will speed

What Is JAVA

* What is JAVA ?

Java is a pure object oriented programming language, which has derived C syntax and C++ object oriented
programming features. Is a compiled and interpreted language and is platform independent and Can do graphics,
netw orking, multithreading. It was initially called as OAK.

* Encapsulation : Nothing but data hiding, like the variables declared under private of a particular class are accessed

only in that class and cannot access in any other the class.

* Inheritance : Is the process in which one object acquires the properties of another object, ie., derived object.

* Polymorphism: One method different forms, ie., method overriding and interfaces are the examples of polymorphism.

* What are Java Buzzwords ?

Simple : Easy to learn.
Secure : Provided by firew alls between networked applications.
Portable : Can be dynamically downloaded at various platforms in internet.
OOP : Four Corner stones.
Multithread : Can perform more than one task concurrently in a single program.
Robust : overcomes problems of de-allocation of memory and exceptions.
Interpreted : Convert into byte code and the executes by JVM.
Distributed : Concept of RMI.
Dynamic : Verifying and accessing objects at run time.

* Scope and lifetime of variables ?

scope of variables is only to that particular block
lifetime will be till the block ends.

* Explain about Static ?

When a member is declared as static it can be accessed before any objects of its class are created and without
any reference to any object. these are global variables, no copy of these variables can be made.
static can also be declared for methods. and cannot refer to this or super.

* method overloading : same method name with different arguments.

* method overriding : same method name and same number of arguments

* How Exception handling is done in Java ?

Is managed via 5 keywords :
try : statements that you want to monitor the exceptions contain in try block.
catch : the exception thrown by try is catched by this.
throw : to manually throw exception we go for this.
throws : Exception that is thrown out of a method must be specified by throws after the method declaration.
finally : this block is executed whether or not an exception is thrown. and also it is executed just before the method
returns. and this is optional block.

* What is the use of bin and lib in JDK?

Bin contains all tools such as javac, appletviewer, awt tool, etc., whereas lib contains API and all packages.

* What is the difference between superclass and subclass?

A super class is a class that is inherited whereas sub class is a class that does the inheriting.

* What is the difference between exception and error?

The exception class defines mild error conditions that your program encounters.
Ex: Arithmetic Exception, FilenotFound exception
Exceptions can occur when
- try to open the file, which does not exist
- the network connection is disrupted
- operands being manipulated are out of prescribed ranges
- the class file you are interested in loading is missing
The error class defines serious error conditions that you should not attempt to recover from.
In most cases it is advisable to let the program terminate when such an error is encountered.
Ex: Running out of memory error, Stack overflow error.

* What is adapter class?

An adapter class provides an empty implementation of all methods in an event listener interface. Adapter classes are
useful when you want to receive and process only some of the events that are handled by a particular event listener
interface. You can define a new class to act listener by extending one of the adapter classes and implementing only
those events in which you are interested.

* What is meant by controls and what are different types of controls in AWT?

Controls are components that allow a user to interact with your application and the AWT supports the following types
of controls:
Labels, Push Buttons, Check Boxes, Choice Lists, Lists, Scrollbars, Text Components.
These controls are subclasses of Component.

* What is Bootstrapping in RMI?

Dynamic loading of stubs and skeletons is known as Boot Strapping.

* What is servlet tunnelling?

Used in applet to servlet communications, a layer over http is built so as to enable object serialization.

* What is the frontend in Java?.Also what is Backend?.

Frontend: Applet
Backend : Oracle, Ms-Access(Using JDBC).

* What are theTools provided by JDK

(i) javac - compiler
(ii) java - interpretor
(iii) jdb - debugger
(iv) javap - Disassembles
(v) appletviewer - Applets
(vi) javadoc - documentation generator
(vii) javah - ' C' header file generator

* What are the Java Primitive Data Types ?

Byte-8-bit, short-16-bit, int-32-bit, Long-64-bit, Float-32-bit floating point, Double-64-bit floating point,
Char-16-bit Unicode

* What are the packages in JDK?

There are 8 packages
(i) java.lang
(ii) java.util
(iii) java.io
(iv) java.applet
(v) java.awt
(vi) java.awt.image
(vii) java.awt.peer
(viii) java.awt.net

* What is runnable?

Its an Interface through which Java implements Threads.The class can extend from any class but if it
implements Runnable,Threads can be used in that particular application.

* What is synchronization?.

Two or more threads trying to access the same method at the same point of time leads to synchronization.If
that particular method is declared as synchronized only one thread can access it at a time. Another thread can access it
only if the first thread' s task is complete.

* What is a Skeleton ?

Skeletons are server side proxies and stubs are client side proxies. True

* Who introduced Jscript ?

Netscape introduced JScript language

* What is MIME ?

MIME(Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension) is a general method by which the content of different types of
Internet objects can be identified.

* What are different ways of Session-Tracking?.

(i) User-Authorization
(ii) Hidden Files
(iii) Persistant Cookies
(iv) URL Rewriting.

* What are the four components in URL ?

http:// www. yahoo .com : 8080 / index.html
http: --- > is protocol
www. yahoo .com --- is IP address
8080 -- port number and is a pointer to memory location.
index.html -- file path to be loaded

* What is a StringTokenizer ?

String Tokenizer provide parsing process in which it identifies the delimiters provided by the user , by default
delimiters are spaces, tab, newline etc. and separates them from the tokens. Tokens are those which are separated by
delimiters.

* What are macros and Inline functions ? Which is best and Difference ?

Inline functions do Parameter passing, where as Macros do Text Substitution.
Its better to go for Inline functions than macros, else you may get different results.

* What is Serialization ?

The process of writing the state of an object to a byte stream. and can restore these objects by using
deserialization.Is also need to implement RMI, which allows a java object of one machine to invoke java object of
another machine.ie., the object is passed as an argument by serializing it and the receiving machine deserializes it.

* What is the difference between CGI and Servlet ?

CGI suffered serious performance problems. servlets performance is better.
CGI create separate process to handle client request. and Servlets do not.
CGI is platform dependent, whereas Servlet is platform-independent b’cauz written in java.
Servlets can communicate with applets, databases and RMI mechanisms.

* What are Vector, Hashtable, LinkedList and Enumeration?

Vector : The Vector class provides the capability to implement a growable array of objects.
Hashtable : The Hashtable class implements a Hashtable data structure. A Hashtable indexes and stores
objects in a dictionary using hash codes as the object' s keys. Hash codes are integer values that identify objects.
LinkedList : Removing or inserting elements in the middle of an array can be done using LinkedList. A
LinkedList stores each object in a separate link whereas an array stores object references in consecutive locations.
Enumeration : An object that implements the Enumeration interface generates a series of elements, one at a time.
It has two methods, namely hasMoreElements( ) and nextElement( ). HasMoreElemnts( ) tests if this enumeration has
more elements and nextElement method returns successive elements of the series.

* What is the difference between an applet and a servlet?

Servlets are to servers what applets are to browsers.
Applets must have graphical user interfaces whereas servlets have no graphical user interfaces.

* What is the difference between doPost and doGet methods?

a) doGet() method is used to get information, while doPost( ) method is used for posting information.
b) doGet() requests can' t send large amount of information and is limited to 240
-255 characters. However, doPost(
)requests passes all of its data, of unlimited length.
c) A doGet( ) request is appended to the request URL in a query string and this allows the exchange is visible to the
client, whereas a doPost() request passes directly over the socket connection as part of its HTTP request body and the
exchange are invisible to the client.

* What is the life cycle of a servlet?

Each Servlet has the same life cycle:
a) A server loads and initializes the servlet by init () method.
b) The servlet handles zero or more client' s requests through service( ) method.
c) The server removes the servlet through destroy() method.

* What are the different servers available for developing and deploying Servlets?

a) Java Web Server
b) JRun
g) Apache Server
h) Netscape Information Server
i) Web Logic

* How do servlets handle multiple simultaneous requests?

The server has multiple threads that are available to handle requests. When a request comes in, it is assigned
to a thread, which calls a service method (for example: doGet(), doPost( ) and service( ) ) of the servlet. For this reason,
a single servlet object can have its service methods called by many threads at once.

* What is the difference between TCP/IP and UDP?

TCP/IP is a two-way communication between the client and the server and it is a reliable and there is a
confirmation regarding reaching the message to the destination. It is like a phone call.
UDP is a one-way communication only betw een the client and the server and it is not a reliable and there is
no confirmation regarding reaching the message to the destination. It is like a postal mail.

* What is RMI and steps involved in developing an RMI object?

Remote Method Invocation (RMI) allows java object that executes on one machine and to invoke the method
of a Java object to execute on another machine.
The steps involved in developing an RMI object are:
a) Define the interfaces
b) Implementing these interfaces
c) Compile the interfaces and their implementations with the java compiler
d) Compile the server implementation with RMI compiler
e) Run the RMI registry
f) Run the application

* What is RMI architecture?

a) Application layer ---- contains the actual object definition
b) Proxy layer ---- consists of stub and skeleton
c) Remote Reference layer ---- gets the stream of bytes from the transport layer and sends it to the proxy layer
d) Transportation layer ---- responsible for handling the actual machine-to-machine communication

* What are Predefined variables or implicit objects?

To simplify code in JSP expressions and scriptlets, we can use eight automatically defined variables,
sometimes called implicit objects. They are request, response, out, session, application, config, pageContext, and page.

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Microsoft Surface Computer

The Microsoft Surface Computer Is Look Like A Super Computer !!!!!

Microsoft Surface (Codename: Milan), is a Multi-touch product from Microsoft which is developed as a software and hardware combination technology that allows a user, or multiple users, to manipulate digital content by the use of natural motions, hand gestures, or physical objects.

Surface is essentially a Windows Vista PC tucked inside a table, topped with a 30-inch reflective surface in a clear acrylic frame. A projector underneath the surface projects an image onto its underside, while five cameras in the machine's housing record reflections of infrared light from human fingertips. The camera can also recognize objects placed on the surface if those objects have specially-designed "tags" applied to them. Users can interact with the machine by touching or dragging their fingertips and objects such as paintbrushes across the screen, or by placing and moving tagged objects. Surface has been optimized to respond to 52 touches at a time. During a demonstration with a reporter, Mark Bolger, the Surface Computing group's marketing director, "dipped" his finger in an on-screen paint palette, then dragged it across the screen to draw a smiley face. Then he used all 10 fingers at once to give the face a full head of hair.

Specification Of Surface :

• Surface is a 30-inch (76 cm) display in a table-like form factor, 22 inches (56 cm) high, 21 inches (53 cm) deep, and 42 inches (107 cm) wide.

• The Surface tabletop is acrylic, and its interior frame is powder-coated steel.

• The software platform runs on a custom version of Windows Vista and has wired Ethernet 10/100, wireless 802.11 b/g, and Bluetooth 2.0 connectivity.

• Surface applications are written using either Windows Presentation Foundation or Microsoft XNA technology.

At Microsoft's MSDN Conference, Bill Gates told developers of "Maximum" setup the Microsoft Surface was going to have:

• Intel Core Quad Xeon "WoodCrest" @ 2.66GHz
• 4GB DDR2-1066 RAM
• 1TB 7200RPM Hard Drive

It has a custom motherboard form factor about the size of two ATX motherboards.




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BLU-RAY TECHNOLOGY

BLU-RAY TECHNOLOGY


DEFINITION OF BLU-RAY:

Blu-ray, also known as Blu-ray Disc (BD), is the name of a next-generation optical disc format jointly developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), a group of the world's leading consumer electronics, personal computer and media manufacturers (including Apple, Dell, Hitachi, HP, JVC, LG, Mitsubishi, Panasonic, Pioneer, Philips, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, TDK and Thomson). The format was developed to enable recording, rewriting and playback of high-definition video (HD), as well as storing large amounts of data. The format offers more than five times the storage capacity of traditional DVDs and can hold up to 25GB on a single-layer disc and 50GB on a dual-layer disc. This extra capacity combined with the use of advanced video and audio codecs will offer consumers an unprecedented HD experience.

DEVELOPERS OF BLU-RAY:

The Blu-ray Disc format was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), a group of leading consumer electronics, personal computer and media manufacturers, with more than 180 member companies from all over the world. The Board of Directors currently consists of:

Apple Computer, Inc.
Dell Inc.
Hewlett Packard Company
Hitachi, Ltd.
LG Electronics Inc.
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
Pioneer Corporation
Royal Philips Electronics
Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
Sharp Corporation
Sony Corporation
Sun Microsystems, Inc.
TDK Corporation
Thomson Multimedia
Twentieth Century Fox
Walt Disney Pictures
Warner Bros. Entertainment.

DATA STORAGE CAPACITY IN BLU-RAY DISC:
A single-layer disc can hold 25GB.
A dual-layer disc can hold 50GB.

To ensure that the Blu-ray Disc format is easily extendable (future-proof) it also includes support for multi-layer discs, which should allow the storage capacity to be increased to 100GB-200GB (25GB per layer) in the future simply by adding more layers to the discs.

WORK FUNCTION OF BLU-RAY:

According to the Blu-ray Disc specification, 1x speed is defined as 36Mbps. However, as BD-ROM movies will require a 54Mbps data transfer rate the minimum speed we're expecting to see is 2x (72Mbps). Blu-ray also has the potential for much higher speeds, as a result of the larger numerical aperture (NA) adopted by Blu-ray Disc. The large NA value effectively means that Blu-ray will require less recording power and lower disc rotation speed than DVD and HD-DVD to achieve the same data transfer rate. While the media itself limited the recording speed in the past, the only limiting factor for Blu-ray is the capacity of the hardware. If we assume a maximum disc rotation speed of 10,000 RPM, then 12x at the outer diameter should be possible (about 400Mbps). This is why the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA) already has plans to raise the speed to 8x (288Mbps) or more in the future.

While current optical disc technologies such as DVD, DVD±R, DVD±RW, and DVD-RAM rely on a red laser to read and write data, the new format uses a blue-violet laser instead, hence the name Blu-ray. Despite the different type of lasers used, Blu-ray products can easily be made backwards compatible with CDs and DVDs through the use of a BD/DVD/CD compatible optical pickup unit. The benefit of using a blue-violet laser (405nm) is that it has a shorter wavelength than a red laser (650nm), which makes it possible to focus the laser spot with even greater precision. This allows data to be packed more tightly and stored in less space, so it's possible to fit more data on the disc even though it's the same size as a CD/DVD. This together with the change of numerical aperture to 0.85 is what enables Blu-ray Discs to hold 25GB/50GB. Recent development by Pioneer has pushed the storage capacity to 500GB on a single disc by using 20 layers.